When a user attempts to log in, the password they type (sometimes combined with a salt, as we will discuss shortly) is hashed, and that hash is compared against the hash stored on the system. Hashing is one-way encryption using an algorithm and no key. In most cases, clear text passwords are not stored within an IT system only the hashed outputs of those passwords are stored. Joshua Feldman, in Eleventh Hour CISSP® (Third Edition), 2017 Password hashes and password cracking In the remainder of this chapter, we concentrate on balanced PAKEs.Įric Conrad.
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Let us mention that this notion has been disputed, essentially because if server data is indeed compromised, it makes no sense to consider the related passwords safe since they are trivially vulnerable to offline searches. Resistance to server compromise then basically states that the server cannot impersonate a user unless it first performs a dictionary attack on the data it holds. (Ordinary PAKEs are sometimes referred to as balanced protocols while the server compromise-resistant ones are known as augmented PAKEs.) This captures a realistic scenario: One server may hold functions of many different users which open sessions with it to access various resources. Any ordinary PAKE can be easily converted into one that fits this situation by simply hashing the password for instance. It arises in the following case: when one of the two parties is a server holding a function of the user's password rather than the password itself.
For instance, resistance to key compromise impersonation-in which an adversary who compromised a user's long-term key can then impersonate other parties to that user-is not satisfied by a PAKE: The other holder of the password can always be impersonated to the attacked user.Īnother notion of security that is specific to the password-based case is that of server compromise resistance (see Refs. It may be tempting to do this with all security properties that can be defined for key exchange in general, but this is not always possible. However, the forward secrecy and known-session key security were actually first considered in classical key exchange and subsequently carried over to the password-based case. Feng Hao, in Computer and Information Security Handbook (Third Edition), 2013 Other Security Propertiesĭictionary attacks are specific to PAKE protocols.
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